Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a medical condition resulting from compression of the median nerve at the wrist, through an anatomical structure called the carpal tunnel

Introduction

The narrow, rigid pathway formed by the wrist bones and the transverse carpal ligament houses a structure crucial to hand function: the median nerve. This nerve exerts essential control over sensation and muscle function in parts of the hand, including the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and part of the ring finger. This narrow channel, known as the carpal tunnel, is the site where a common problem, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), can develop.

CTS, seen in approximately one percent of the population, is often associated with excessively repetitive wrist flexion and extension movements. These repeated gestures can lead to unpleasant sensations such as numbness and tingling along the distribution of the median nerve, thus affecting the three and a half fingers on the lateral side of the hand. This condition is of particular concern due to its impact on the quality of life of affected individuals.

A distinctive aspect of CTS is the presence of nocturnal symptoms, causing painful awakening in those affected. Pain and discomfort can be so severe during the night that it disrupts sleep, adding an additional burden to patients’ daily lives. If this condition persists, atrophy of the thenar muscles may develop, leading to weakness and clumsiness of the thumb and fingers. This progressive deterioration can significantly impair a person’s ability to perform simple tasks of daily living, from grasping objects to performing precise movements.

Carpal tunnel compression represents the most common nerve compression syndrome, with an estimated incidence of approximately 99 cases per 100,000 people. This condition predominates in women, affecting between 65 and 75% of the affected population. It usually manifests in middle age, although cases can also occur in younger individuals, especially those exposed to repetitive movements as part of their work or daily activities.

Management of CTS may vary depending on the severity of symptoms and response to conservative treatments. For mild to moderate cases, wearing splints may be recommended to relieve pressure on the median nerve. Modifications to daily activities to avoid excessive repetitive movements may also be suggested. However, in more severe cases or if there is no relief with conservative treatments, surgery may be considered. Surgical carpal tunnel release is a common and effective procedure to relieve pressure on the median nerve.

In conclusion, CTS, although common, should not be neglected due to its implications on the quality of life of those affected. Understanding symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options is essential for appropriate management of this debilitating condition. Continued research in this area aims to improve prevention and treatment strategies, providing hope for those living with CTS.

Causes of carpal tunnel syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) represents a prevalent and often debilitating condition characterized by compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel of the wrist. This compression results in a range of symptoms, including pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers. Understanding the multifaceted causes of CTS is crucial for both prevention and effective management of the condition.

Repetitive hand and wrist movements are widely recognized as significant contributors to the development of CTS. Occupations and activities that involve frequent and forceful use of the hands and wrists, such as typing, using vibrating tools, or performing assembly line work, can lead to repetitive strain injuries. Over time, this repetitive stress can cause inflammation and swelling of the tissues within the carpal tunnel, resulting in compression of the median nerve and the onset of CTS symptoms.

In addition to repetitive movements, acute trauma or injuries to the wrist can also predispose individuals to CTS. Fractures, sprains, or other traumatic injuries can lead to swelling and inflammation of the surrounding tissues, including those within the carpal tunnel. This increased pressure on the median nerve can exacerbate symptoms or trigger the development of CTS in susceptible individuals.

Anatomical factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of CTS. The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway in the wrist, through which the median nerve and several tendons pass. Any narrowing or constriction of this tunnel can increase the likelihood of nerve compression. Some individuals may have naturally smaller carpal tunnels, while others may have anatomical variations in the structure of the wrist bones that predispose them to CTS. Conditions such as arthritis or joint dislocations can further contribute to the narrowing of the carpal tunnel, exacerbating nerve compression and CTS symptoms.

Hormonal changes, particularly during pregnancy or menopause, can also impact the risk of developing CTS. Pregnancy-related hormonal fluctuations can lead to fluid retention and swelling in the body, including the tissues within the carpal tunnel. This increased pressure on the median nerve can contribute to the development or worsening of CTS symptoms in pregnant individuals. Similarly, hormonal changes associated with menopause can affect tissue elasticity and fluid balance, potentially increasing the risk of CTS in postmenopausal women.

Several medical conditions are associated with an increased risk of developing CTS. Diabetes, obesity, thyroid disorders, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis are among the conditions that can affect nerve function and increase susceptibility to nerve compression. Individuals with these underlying medical conditions may be more prone to developing CTS or experiencing more severe symptoms.

Occupational factors also play a significant role in the development of CTS. Jobs that require repetitive hand and wrist movements, prolonged periods of wrist flexion or extension, or exposure to vibrating tools or equipment are considered high-risk for CTS. Workers in industries such as manufacturing, assembly line work, data entry, and construction are particularly susceptible to developing CTS due to the repetitive nature of their tasks.

Lastly, genetic predisposition may contribute to an individual’s risk of developing CTS. While the precise genetic factors involved are not fully understood, some individuals may inherit anatomical characteristics or genetic traits that increase their susceptibility to nerve compression and CTS. Family history of CTS or other nerve-related conditions may also influence an individual’s risk.

Here are some common causes of carpal tunnel syndrome:

1. Wrist Anatomy: Some individuals may have wrist anatomy that predisposes them to carpal tunnel narrowing, increasing the risk of median nerve compression.
2. Inflammation: Inflammation of the tendons surrounding the median nerve can cause the space in the carpal tunnel to narrow, thereby compressing the nerve.
3. Trauma or Injury: Wrist fractures or traumatic injuries can lead to tissue swelling and compression of the median nerve.
4. Repetitive Activities: Repetitive wrist movements or activities that involve frequent flexion or extension of the wrist may contribute to the development of carpal tunnel syndrome.
5. Medical Conditions:
   • Arthritis: Some forms of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, can cause inflammation of the tissues around the median nerve.
   • Diabetes: People with diabetes have an increased risk of developing nerve disorders, including carpal tunnel syndrome.
   • Hypothyroidism: Poorly controlled hypothyroidism may be associated with an increased risk of carpal tunnel syndrome.
6. Pregnancy: Pregnant women, especially during the third trimester, may develop carpal tunnel symptoms due to fluid retention and hormonal changes.
7. Obesity: Excess weight can increase pressure on nerves, including the median nerve.

Pathophysiology

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a medical condition that results from compression of the median nerve at the wrist. The pathophysiology of CTS can be described in several stages:

1. Anatomy of the carpal tunnel: The carpal tunnel is a narrow structure located at the wrist, formed by the carpal bones and the transverse carpal ligament. Inside this canal pass several finger flexor tendons and the median nerve.
2. Compression of the median nerve: The median nerve is responsible for the innervation of certain parts of the hand, notably the first three fingers and the radial half of the fourth finger. When there is compression of the median nerve, usually due to increased pressure within the carpal tunnel, symptoms of CTS may manifest.
3. Causes of compression:
   • Inflammation: Inflammation of the flexor tendons can lead to thickening of the structures within the carpal tunnel, thereby compressing the median nerve.
   • Trauma: Wrist injuries, such as fractures or sprains, can cause tissue swelling, leading to compression of the nerve.
   • Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, or hypothyroidism can contribute to the development of CTS.
4. Reduced space in the carpal tunnel: Increased pressure inside the carpal tunnel reduces the space available for the median nerve. This can lead to decreased blood flow and direct compression of the nerve.
5. Symptoms of CTS:
   • Numbness and tingling in the fingers.
   • Muscle weakness in the hand, especially difficulty grasping objects.
   • Pain radiating from the wrist to the arm.
6. Disease progression: If compression persists, CTS symptoms may worsen over time. In some severe, untreated cases, this can lead to muscle atrophy and loss of hand function.
7. Diagnosis and treatment: The diagnosis of CTS is usually based on clinical symptoms, electrophysiological tests (such as electromyography), and imaging studies. Treatment may include conservative measures such as splints, anti-inflammatory medications, osteopathy sessions, or in some cases, surgery to release pressure in the carpal tunnel.

Symptoms

1. Pain: Pain is often felt in the palm of the hand, fingers, especially the thumb, index finger, middle finger and part of the ring finger. The pain may radiate to the forearm.
2. Numbness and Tingling: People with carpal tunnel syndrome may experience numbness, tingling, or “tingling” sensations in the affected fingers. These sensations may be intermittent or constant.
3. Weakness: Weakness in the hand may develop, leading to difficulty grasping objects, performing fine manual tasks, or maintaining a firm grip.
4. Feeling of Swelling: Some people feel a feeling of swelling, even if no swelling is visible.
5. Sensation of Warmth: Sensations of warmth may be felt in the affected hand or fingers.
6. Worse at Night: Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome tend to get worse at night. Some people may be awakened by pain or numbness.
7. Electric Shock Sensation: In some cases, people may feel a sensation of electric shock that radiates down the arm.
8. Difficulty Using the Hand: Hand function may be impaired, which can make it difficult to perform everyday tasks, such as writing, typing, or grasping objects.

The role of work-related factors in the development of carpal tunnel syndrome remains a matter of controversy in the workers’ compensation context. The literature has generally demonstrated that the use of vibrating tools and work involving the repetitive motion of flexion and extension, particularly in association with high grip strength, is associated with an increased risk of carpal tunnel syndrome. symptomatic.

Carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnant women

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition commonly seen in pregnant women, especially during the second and third trimesters. Hormonal changes, fluid retention, and other pregnancy-related factors can contribute to the development of carpal tunnel syndrome. Here are some important points to note about carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnant women:

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Water Retention: During pregnancy, the body tends to retain more water, which can lead to tissue swelling, including in the carpal tunnel.
2. Hormonal Changes: Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy can affect connective tissues, increasing the risk of median nerve compression.
3. Anatomical Predisposition: Some women may have an anatomical predisposition that makes the carpal tunnel narrower, increasing the likelihood of nerve compression.

Carpal tunnel syndrome and menopause

Menopause is not directly linked to carpal tunnel syndrome, but some women may notice an association between the two due to the hormonal changes that occur during this period of hormonal transition.

During menopause, levels of the female hormone estrogen decrease. This decrease in hormones can influence the health of connective tissues and nerves. Certain symptoms of menopause, such as fluid retention and changes in bone density, could also influence the prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms.

Postmenopausal women may experience a variety of symptoms, including problems related to joints and nerves. If you suspect you may have carpal tunnel syndrome and you are postmenopausal, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional. A doctor can evaluate your symptoms, take your medical history, and recommend tests, including nerve studies, to confirm the diagnosis.

Double crush syndrome

The term “Double Crush Syndrome” was first introduced by researchers Upton and McComas in 1973. They hypothesized that compressing a nerve in two different locations along its length travel could increase the risk of neurological symptoms.

According to this hypothesis, if a nerve is compressed in one location, this may make the nerve more vulnerable to compression elsewhere in the nerve pathway. Thus, compression of a proximal segment of the nerve (closer to the spine) could increase the susceptibility to compression in a more distal segment (further from the spine), and vice versa.

Double crush syndrome essentially suggests that compression of a nerve in one location can contribute to neurological symptoms that can be exacerbated by compression in another location along the same nerve.

However, it is important to note that the concept of double crush syndrome is sometimes controversial and other studies and research have challenged some of the initial ideas. Understanding of nerve pathology has evolved since the concept was introduced in 1973, and the diagnosis and management of nerve problems is now more nuanced.

If you suspect you may be affected by double crush syndrome or have neurological symptoms, it is recommended that you consult a qualified healthcare professional for a thorough evaluation and accurate diagnosis.

The patient with a brachial nerve injury will be more likely to have the median nerve damaged.

The Impact of Wrist Positions on Carpal Tunnel Pressure

The pressure in the carpal tunnel can be significantly influenced by different wrist positions. A summary of the figures provided reveals striking disparities between healthy individuals and those suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome.

At rest, with the wrist in a neutral position:

• Normal: 2.5 mm Hg
• With carpal tunnel syndrome: 32 mm Hg

When extending and flexing the wrist 90 degrees:

• Normal (on average): About 31 mm Hg
• With carpal tunnel syndrome (flexion): 94 mm Hg
• With carpal tunnel syndrome (extension): 101 mm Hg

These data reveal a significant increase in pressure in the carpal tunnel in individuals affected by carpal tunnel syndrome, especially during wrist flexion and extension. This increase in pressure can play a major role in symptoms associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, such as numbness, tingling and pain.

Risk factors for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Here are some of the risk factors associated with carpal tunnel syndrome:

1. Repetitive Work or Frequent Hand Strain: People whose jobs involve repetitive hand or wrist movements, such as grasping or heavy tool use, may be at greater risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome.
2. Wrist Position: Prolonged use of the wrist in a flexed or extended position, as may occur when using a computer keyboard or tool, may increase risk.
3. Anatomical Factors: Some individuals may have an anatomy that predisposes to a more restricted space in the carpal tunnel, thereby increasing the risk of median nerve compression.
4. Gender: Women have a slightly higher risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome compared to men. This may be related to anatomical and hormonal differences.
5. Age: Carpal tunnel syndrome is more common in older people, although it can occur at any age.
6. Pregnancy: Hormonal changes during pregnancy and fluid retention can increase the risk of median nerve compression.
7. Obesity: Excess weight can increase pressure on nerves, including the median nerve.
8. Medical Conditions:
   • Rheumatoid Arthritis: People with rheumatoid arthritis have an increased risk due to joint inflammation.
   • Diabetes: People with diabetes have a higher risk of developing nerve problems, including carpal tunnel syndrome.
9. Wrist Trauma: Wrist injuries, such as fractures or sprains, can increase the risk.
10. Use of Oral Contraceptives: Some studies have suggested that long-term use of oral contraceptives may be associated with increased risk.

Carpal tunnel syndrome vs cervical radiculopathy

A problem with the cervical spine can also cause numbness and tingling in the hands and wrists. Indeed, the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome and cervical radiculopathy are both a consequence of a pinched nerve root.

The following conditions can cause pressure on the C6-C7 nerve and cause paresthesia in the hand, similar to median nerve entrapment.

• Herniated disc or disc degeneration
• Cervical stenosis
• Cervical osteoarthritis

Screening test

Tinel sign

The Tinel sign at the wrist is often used to assess the presence of nerve disorders, particularly in the context of carpal tunnel syndrome. Here is how the Tinel wrist test is generally performed:

How the Test is Performed

1. Nerve Location: The practitioner identifies the median nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. The carpal tunnel is located on the palmar aspect of the wrist, and the median nerve is one of the components of this tunnel.
2. Light Tapping: The professional performs a light tapping on the skin directly above the median nerve, usually on the volar side (palm side of the hand).

Interpretation of the Test

• Positive: A positive result is indicated if the patient feels tingling, tingling, or electrical sensations along the path of the median nerve during tapping. This may suggest irritation or compression of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel.
• Negative: The absence of abnormal sensations during tapping is considered a negative result.

Phalen test

The Phalen test, also called the wrist flexion test, is a diagnostic test used to evaluate the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome, a condition where the median nerve is compressed at the wrist. This test is named after Dr. George Phalen, who first described it.

How the Test is Performed

1. Basic Position: The patient is asked to hold the wrists in maximum flexion, elbows extended, palms facing each other and fingers pointing down.
2. Position Hold: The patient maintains this position for one minute or until symptoms such as tingling, numbness, or pain appear.

Interpretation of the Test

• Positive: The presence of symptoms (tingling, numbness, pain) in the first three fingers and half of the fourth finger within 1 to 1.5 minutes is considered a positive result. This suggests possible compression of the median nerve at the level of the carpal tunnel.
• Negative: The absence of symptoms for the duration of the test is considered a negative result.

Recommendation

Management of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may involve different approaches, depending on the severity of symptoms and response to treatments. Here are some general recommendations for managing carpal tunnel syndrome:

1. Medical Consultation: If you experience symptoms such as numbness, tingling, pain or weakness in the hand and wrist, consult a healthcare professional, usually a general practitioner or orthopedist. An accurate diagnosis is essential to determine the best treatment approach.
2. Splints: For mild to moderate cases, wearing wrist splints, especially at night, can help keep the wrist in a neutral position, reducing pressure on the median nerve. Splints may be recommended by your doctor.
3. Activity Modifications: Avoid repetitive wrist movements which can worsen symptoms. Ergonomic adjustments at work or at home can also be helpful.
4. Exercises: Certain specific exercises, under the supervision of a healthcare professional, can help strengthen the wrist muscles and improve stability. Physical therapy may be recommended.
5. Medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be prescribed to relieve pain and inflammation. Diuretic medications may also be considered in some cases to reduce swelling.
6. Corticosteroid Injections: In cases where pain is persistent, corticosteroid injections directly into the carpal tunnel may be recommended to reduce inflammation.
7. Surgery: If symptoms do not improve with conservative treatments, surgery may be considered. Carpal tunnel release is a common and effective procedure to relieve pressure on the median nerve.
8. Weight Management: Maintaining a healthy body weight can help reduce pressure on joints and nerves, which can be particularly beneficial in CTS.
9. Avoiding Occupational Risk Factors: If your job involves repetitive wrist movements, regular breaks and ergonomic adjustments may be recommended to prevent CTS from getting worse.
10. Regular Medical Follow-up: If you have undergone surgery or are following conservative treatment, regular medical follow-up is important to assess progress and adjust the treatment plan if necessary.

Wear a splint

Wearing a splint for carpal tunnel syndrome can be an important part of conservative treatment aimed at relieving symptoms and reducing pressure on the median nerve. Here is some information about wearing a splint for carpal tunnel syndrome:

1. Purpose of the Splint: The splint is designed to keep the wrist in a neutral position, that is, neither too bent nor too extended. This helps reduce pressure on the carpal tunnel, relieving symptoms such as numbness, tingling and pain associated with CTS.
2. Timing of Wear: The splint is often recommended to be worn at night while sleeping. CTS symptoms tend to be more pronounced at night, and wearing a splint can help prevent wrist positions that could worsen symptoms during sleep.
3. Occasional Daytime Wear: In some cases, your healthcare professional may recommend occasional wear of the splint during the day, especially during activities that could trigger symptoms, such as prolonged typing on a computer keyboard.
4. Comfort and Fit: It is essential that the brace fits correctly to provide effective support. It should be comfortable to wear, but snug enough to keep the wrist in the desired neutral position.
5. Medical Follow-up: Wearing the splint is generally part of a larger treatment plan. Your healthcare professional can give you specific advice on how long you should wear the splint and how to incorporate its use into your daily routine.
6. Alternatives: In addition to traditional braces, there are specific braces designed to be worn during specific activities, such as typing on a computer keyboard. Your healthcare professional can advise you on the type of splint best suited to your needs.
7. Combination with Other Treatments: Splinting is often combined with other conservative treatment approaches, such as physical therapy, specific exercises.

• Wear a day splint to limit movement

Osteopathic treatment for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome

1. Approach for carpal tunnel syndrome:
   • Osteopathy may include techniques to improve wrist mobility, release muscle tension and promote better blood circulation. Gentle mobilizations can be used to reduce restrictions in the soft tissues surrounding the carpal tunnel.
2. Treatment of the cervical spine:
   • For people with double crush syndrome, where there is compression in both the cervical spine and the wrist, the osteopath may focus on treating the cervical region. This may include gentle mobilizations aimed at improving the mobility of the cervical vertebrae, reducing muscle tension and promoting nerve circulation.
3. Myofascial release technique :
   • The practitioner places his fourth and fifth fingers of both hands between the patient’s fourth and fifth fingers and the first and second fingers of the palmar surface (Figure 9A). The patient’s wrist is placed in dorsiflexion and the practitioner’s thumbs cover the lateral and medial attachments of the wrist flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament) (Figure 9B). Transverse distraction is applied to the retinaculum using a 3- or 4-point flexion technique, with 2 ventral points and 1 to 2 dorsal points until soft tissue relaxation or release of restriction is achieved (Figure 9C ). In cases where dorsiflexion causes CTS symptoms, myofascial release can be performed without dorsiflexion of the wrist.

Sucher’s study presents strong evidence for the therapeutic value of osteopathic manipulation for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome

• Dr. Sucher developed a comprehensive model for the clinical, electrophysiological, and graphical assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). In his work, he demonstrated pathological changes perceptible during neurological examination, using latency studies of the distal nerve as well as magnetic resonance images of the carpal tunnel to measure its volume ¹ .
• Subsequently, Dr. Sucher began treating his patients using specific osteopathic manipulations. The results of its interventions have been evaluated in depth. He noted a clear objective improvement in neurological outcomes, distal nerve latencies and carpal tunnel volume, measured by magnetic resonance examinations ¹ .
• These observations suggest that osteopathic manipulations may play a beneficial role in the management of carpal tunnel syndrome. However, it is important to note that additional research and clinical studies are needed to confirm these results and establish the effectiveness and safety of this approach in the treatment of CTS.

Exercises and Stretches

1. Median nerve stretch:
   • Place your affected hand in prayer position in front of your chest, with fingers pointing upward.
   • Slowly lower your hand downward, keeping your fingers in prayer position.
   • You should feel a stretch along your arm and wrist. Hold the position for 15 to 30 seconds and repeat several times.
2. Slipping of the tendons:
   • Hold your hand in front of you with fingers pointing down.
   • Use the other hand to gently bend the fingers upward, stretching the tendons.
   • Hold the position for a few seconds, then slowly release. Repeat several times.
3. Tendon gutter exercise:
   • Place your forearms on a flat surface, with your wrists and hands hanging over the edge.
   • Gently flex your wrists, raising and lowering your fingers.
   • Repeat this movement several times, making sure to maintain a gentle movement.
4. Stress ball exercise:
   • Hold a stress ball in the affected hand.
   • Squeeze and release the stress ball repeatedly to strengthen hand muscles and improve circulation.
5. Forearm stretch:
   • Extend the affected arm in front of you, palm facing down.
   • Use the other hand to gently pull the fingers back until you feel a stretch on the upper side of the forearm.

Frequently asked questions

1. What is carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)? Carpal tunnel syndrome is a medical condition characterized by compression of the median nerve at the wrist, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, and sometimes pain in the hand and arm.
2. What causes CTS? Causes of CTS may include inflammation, trauma, repetitive activities, predisposing anatomy, underlying medical conditions, and other factors. Certain groups, such as pregnant or postmenopausal women, are more likely to develop this condition.
3. How is CTS diagnosed? CTS can be diagnosed by clinical tests such as Tinel’s sign and Phalen’s test. Additional tests, such as electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction, may also be used to confirm the diagnosis.
4. What are the symptoms of CTS? Symptoms of CTS include numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, pain radiating from the wrist down the arm, and nighttime sensations. These symptoms may worsen at night.
5. What treatments are available for CTS? Treatment for CTS depends on the severity of the symptoms. It may include conservative measures such as wearing splints, anti-inflammatory medications, osteopathy, and in some cases, surgery.
6. Are there any risk factors associated with CTS? Yes, several risk factors are associated with CTS, such as repetitive work, wrist position, gender (more common in women), age, pregnancy, obesity, and some specific medical conditions.
7. Can the CSC be notified? Some preventive measures include practicing exercises and stretching, taking frequent breaks from repetitive activities, ergonomic adjustments, and managing risk factors.
8. What is the difference between CTS and “double crush syndrome”? “Double crush syndrome” is a controversial concept. Although CTS is associated with nerve compression at the wrist, the idea of ​​double compression, also involving the spine, is the subject of debate within the medical community.
9. Are osteopathic manipulations recommended for CTS? One study mentioned suggests that osteopathic manipulations may have beneficial effects in the management of CTS, but this remains subject to debate and requires individual assessment by a healthcare professional.
10. When should I see a healthcare professional for CTS-related symptoms? If you experience persistent symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or pain in your hand and arm, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

Advanced Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) Questionnaire

1. Which nerve is most commonly compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?

1. A) Ulnar nerve
2. B) Radial nerve
3. C) Median nerve
4. D) Ulnar nerve
5. E) Fibular nerve

2. What is the main difference between CTS and tenosynovitis?

1. A) CTS affects the knees, while tenosynovitis affects the wrists
2. B) CTS is inflammation of the joints, while tenosynovitis is inflammation of the tendons
3. C) CTS is mainly caused by infections, while tenosynovitis is linked to muscle damage
4. D) CTS is a chronic condition, while tenosynovitis is acute
5. E) CTS affects adults, while tenosynovitis affects children

3. What is the commonly used surgical treatment for CTS?

1. A) Arthroscopy
2. B) Osteotomy
3. C) Carpal tunnel release surgery
4. D) Blood transfusion
5. E) Skin graft

4. What work activity is often associated with an increased risk of CTS?

1. A) Office work
2. B) Construction
3. C) Fishing
4. D) Professional musician
5. E) No known professional correlation

5. What is the potential untreated complication of CTS?

1. A) Heart failure
2. B) Muscle atrophy
3. C) Blindness
4. D) Urinary incontinence
5. E) Ossification of the joints

---

Answers

1. C) Median nerve
2. B) CTS is inflammation of the joints, while tenosynovitis is inflammation of the tendons
3. C) Carpal tunnel release surgery
4. B) Construction
5. B) Muscle atrophy

Conclusion

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a medical condition resulting from the compression of the median nerve at the wrist. This compression can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, trauma, underlying medical conditions, predisposing anatomy, repetitive activities, and other factors. Symptoms include numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, pain radiating from the wrist down the arm, and nighttime sensations.

CTS is more common in women, especially during pregnancy and menopause. Diagnostic tests such as Tinel’s sign and Phalen’s test can assess the presence of CTS. Treatment varies depending on the severity of symptoms and may include conservative measures such as splints, anti-inflammatory medications, osteopathy, and, in some cases, surgery.

There is controversy surrounding the concept of double crush syndrome, emphasizing that the understanding of nerve pathology has evolved since its introduction. The osteopathic approach is discussed, citing a study by Dr. Sucher, suggesting that osteopathic manipulations may have beneficial effects in managing CTS.

Risk factors such as repetitive work, wrist position, gender, age, pregnancy, obesity, and specific medical conditions may contribute to the development of CTS. Recommendations include exercises and stretches, changes in daily activities, specific therapies, and symptomatic treatment approaches.

It is essential to emphasize that anyone experiencing persistent symptoms should consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

References 

1. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. (nd). Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/ 
2. Szabo, R. M. (1989). Carpal Tunnel Syndrome as a Repetitive Motion Disorder. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research, 243, 78–89.
3. Atroshi, I., Gummesson, C., Johnsson, R., Ornstein, E., & Ranstam, J. (1999). Carpal tunnel syndrome in the general population: Prevalence and risk factors. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282(2), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.2.153
4. Wilson J 0, and a1. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1991: 1487
5. Armstrong T.J. An Ergonomics Guide to Carpal Timnel Syndrome. Ergonomics Guide Series. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association; 1983.
6. H il tz R. Fighting work-related injuries. Underwriter Nation. 1985;89:15.
7. Upton A, McComas AJ. The double crush in nerve entrapment syndromes. Lancet. 1973;2:359.
8. Abramson 01, Rickert BL, Alexis JT, et al. Effects of repeated periods of ischemia on moror nerve conduction. J App! Physiol. 1 97 1;30:636-642.
9. Larson NJ. Osteopathic manipulation for syndromes of the brachial plexus. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1972;72:94-100.
10. Hurst LC, et al. The relationship of double crush syndrome ro carpal tunnel syndrome (an analysis of I,000 cases of carpal tunnel syndrome). J Hand SlIrg. 1985; 10:202.
11. Sunderland S. The nerve lesion in the carpal runnel syndrome. J Neurol
    Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1976;39:615.

Sucher BM. Palpatory diagnosis and manipulative management of carpal tunnel syndrome . Am Osteopath Assoc. 1994;94:647-663.
Sucher BM. Myofascial manipulative release of carpal tunnel syndrome : Documentation with MRl. Am Osteopath Assoc. 1993;93:1273-1278.